Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR)

Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) QUANTITATIVE REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-qPCR) Groundworks Every single preliminary succession were planned utilizing the online instrument Primer 3-BLAST (NCBI) and the groundworks were acquired from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India. Relative articulation of changing development factor beta (TGF-ÃŽ ²), myosin overwhelming chain beta (ÃŽ ²-MHC), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was considered. Forward and invert introductions for the above qualities were utilized for intensification. Table 5. PCR Primer subtleties RNA segregation All dish sets were flushed with diethyl-pyrocarbonate (DEPC) offered water restrain RNases. All out RNA was separated utilizing guanidium thiocynate-chloroform-phenol technique for Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987). Absolute RNA disconnection unit (BioUltra, Sigma Aldrich,USA) was used for this investigation Subsequent to cleaning with saline, heart and aorta tissues were homogenized in denaturing arrangement with newly included ÃŽ ²-mercaptoethanol. After homogenization 2M sodium acetic acid derivation arrangement (pH. 4.0), water soaked phenol and chloroform: isoamyl liquor (49:1) was included. The blend was shaked energetically and permitted to cool on ice for 15 minutes. The blend was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€"g for 20 minutes at 4 oC. The fluid stage was moved in a new cylinder and an equivalent volume of super cold isopropanol was included. RNA was accelerated by putting the example at - 20 oC for 60 minutes. At that point the blend was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€"g for 20 minutes at 4 oC. The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and RNA was put away in DEPC water at - 80 oC. RNA quality and amount was surveyed by nano-drop spectrometer. Constant PCR enhancement SYBR Green Quantitative RT-qPCR Kit was utilized in this examination and the PCR analyze was completed in eppendorff realplex mastercycler. 1â µg RNA was opposite deciphered by utilizing Molone murine leukemia infection (M-MuLV) invert transcriptase according to fabricates directions. At that point the intensification program (94 oC †45 seconds, toughening †45 seconds, augmentation 72 oC-1 moment) was applied with explicit strengthening temperature. The strengthening temperatures of TGF-ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ²-MHC, eNOS and GAPDH were 58, 52, 55, and 55 oC, separately. The explicitness of the groundworks was affirmed by settling the PCR items in 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The relative overlay change of articulation was determined by standardized the articulation with GAPDH. The RT-qPCR results were measured utilizing the ‘threshold line’ and the ‘cycle threshold’. The ‘threshold line’ is where the response arrives at a fluorescent force above foundation. The cycles at which the examples arrive at this level is known as the ‘cycle threshold’ (Ct). The factual examination of the RT-qPCR results was determined by utilizing the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ Ct = (Ct estimation of quality of intrigue †Ct estimation of GAPDH). Relative quality articulation was acquired by à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ Ct techniques (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ Ct test †à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ Ct of control), with the utilization of the benchmark group as a calibrator for correlation of all obscure example quality articulation levels. The relative quality articulation overlay change was gotten from 2â€Ã ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ Ct (Schmittgen and Livak, 2008). IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION (IHC) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC was proceeded as depicted by Rocha et al., (2009) utilizing Super Sensitive Polymer-HRP Detection System pack, from Biogenex, USA. The Super Sensitive Polymer-HRP Detection System is an atypical recognition framework utilizing a non-biotin polymeric innovation that utilizes two significant parts: a Poly-HRP reagent and super Enhancerâ„ ¢. As the framework did not depend on the biotin-avidin framework, the issues related with endogenous biotin are totally wiped out. The identification of antigens in tissues by immunostaining is a two-advance procedure. The initial step includes the official of an immune response to the antigen of intrigue and the subsequent advance includes the location and perception of bound counter acting agent by one of an assortment of compound chromogenic frameworks. The decision of location framework will drastically affect the affectability, utility and usability of the technique. Technique Paraffin-inserted tissue was sliced to get areas of around 4  µm thickness. The mounted paraffin-inserted cuts are deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated utilizing an ethanol/H2O inclination. Warmth interceded antigen recovery step was done for 10 min and afterward the slides were permitted to cool to room temperature for another 20 min. This was trailed by peroxidase square treatment (to square endogenous peroxidase catalyst action) for 10-15 min and afterward power square treatment (to square vague authoritative of antibodies to exceptionally charged destinations) for another 15 min. The areas were hatched with the concerned weakened essential neutralizer answer (for 2 h (1:200)) trailed by treatment with the super enhancer answer (for 30 min) and overly touchy Poly-HRP answer (for 30 mins). After shading improvement with DAB and counterstaining with haematoxylin, the segments were seen under the magnifying lens and photos were taken. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY The ultrastructure of the heart example was inspected by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) as per the strategy for Lang (1987), by the procedure of slim separating. Reagents Glutaraldehyde arrangement: 3% Osmium tetroxide: 2% osmium tetroxide in 10 mM sodium phosphate cushion, pH - 7.4 Ethanol: 75%, 95% and 100% Uranyl acetic acid derivation: 1% Lead citrate: 3% Sodium phosphate cushion: 0.1 M, pH 7.4 Method Following the penance, the heart tissues were dismembered and fixed with an answer of 3% glutaraldehyde for 2 hours at room temperature and washed threefold with phosphate cushion to evacuate glutaraldehyde. Post-obsession was finished by an answer containing 2% osmium tetroxide in 10mM sodium phosphate cradle and left for the time being. At that point, the osmium tetroxide arrangement was evacuated and supplanted with 75% ethanol. This decreases the rest of the osmium tetroxide to osmium dioxide, which shapes a hasten in the liquor. Following 10 minutes, the liquor was supplanted with a couple of ml of 75% ethanol. Following 30 minutes, the liquor was supplanted with 95% ethanol and left for 30 minutes. This arrangement was supplanted with 100% ethanol and washed threefold and afterward dried in CH3)2CO. After drying out, the tissues were equilibrated for 30 minutes in 1:1 blend of epoxy propane and the implanting medium, epon 812 (additionally called epikote gum 812). A blend of the gum and two solidifying specialists, dodecyl succinic anhydride and methyl anhydride were utilized. A diamine impetus by and large N-benzyl-N-diethylamine was included not long before use. The 1:1 blend was poured off and supplanted with full quality sap. This progression was rehashed a few times to guarantee full penetration of the installing medium. The tissue was then moved to a shaft case with a wooden stick and the container was loaded up with new pitch blend. The wooden stick was utilized to prod the example down to the focal point of the base of the container. Next, the square holder was set with the example in sight-seeing oven at 60 °C for 48 hours to polymerize the pitch totally. When the squares are solidified, they are prepared for segmenting. The closures of the example squares were cut ut ilizing glass blades and ultra slim areas were cut utilizing a LKBUM4 ultramicrotome. The segments were picked upon carbon frameworks and post-recolored with consolidated uranyl and lead stain and washed with refined water and dried. In the wake of drying, the lattices were analyzed under a Philips EM201C transmission electron magnifying lens (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). WESTERN BLOT ANALYSIS Western smearing was performed to dissect the articulation example of eNOS in the aorta and reperfused hearts as indicated by strategy for Laemmli (1970). Standard Following the protein estimation, the examples were isolated utilizing SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and the isolated atoms are smudged onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film. In the wake of hindering, the essential counter acting agent was added and permitted to tie to the protein followed by washing (which expels vaguely bound immune response); at that point a catalyst marked optional immunizer was included, to identify the essential neutralizer. The area of the optional immunizer was dictated by including a fitting substrate for the catalyst conjugated to the auxiliary counter acting agent. Reagents Acrylamide stock: 30% acrylamide, 0.8% N,N†²-methylene bisacrylamide Isolating gel cushion: 1.5 M Tris, pH 8.8 Test cushion: 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8 Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS): 10% Ammonium per sulfate (APS): (10%) N,N,N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) Isolating gel overlaying arrangement: Water-soaked isobutanol Test Buffer: Tris (0.5M, pH 6.8)- 2.5 mL SDS (10%)- 4.0 mL Glycerol (100%)- 2.0 mL ÃŽ ²-Mercaptoethanol-0.8 mL (or 1 M DDT-0.5 mL) Bromophenol Blue (0.1%)- 300  µL Refined water (400  µl) to 10.0 mL Running gel cradle Tris-6.05 g Glycine: 28.80 g 10% SDS: 10.0 mL or (1.0 g) Refined water to 1000 mL Recoloring arrangement Coomassie splendid blue R250-300 g Methanol-80 mL Acidic corrosive 20 mL Refined water-100 mL Destainning arrangement Acidic corrosive 100 mL Methanol-300 mL Refined water: 1000 mL System The aortic tissues were homogenized in a super cold radio immuno precipitation cushion (RIPA) (1% Triton, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% deoxycholate, 1 mM/L EDTA, 20 mM/L Tris (pH 7.4), 150 mM/L NaCl, 10 mM/L NaF, and 0.1 mM/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 Ãâ€"g for 20 min at 4 °C to expel flotsam and jetsam and the supernatant was utilized to decide the protein grouping of the lysates utilizing the BCA protein test pack (Merck, India). Move of proteins to film Tests containing 50 ÃŽ ¼g of all out cell proteins were loade

Leadership Speech :: essays research papers

Numerous individuals accept that authority is just being the principal, greatest or generally ground-breaking. Authority in associations has an alternate and increasingly significant definition. A pioneer is somebody who sets heading in an exertion or errand and impacts or rouses individuals to follow that course. The force point introduction clarifies initiative is the impact that specific people apply on the objective accomplishment of others in an authoritative setting. At the point when some consider initiative the possibility of the military is considered while others utilize the term to allude to official administration. These are scarcely any instances of various kinds of pioneers there are. There are additionally various jobs of administration, for example, senior-level administrators and center chiefs. Roused pioneers who have charm and elevated levels of enthusiastic strength will be straightforward and have trustworthiness in the way in which they lead. A successful pioneer must be regarded by the individuals from their gathering so as to perform adequately. Another part of administration incorporates initiative qualities, for example, being compelling and rousing. There likewise various settings of administration, e.g, driving oneself, driving others, driving gatherings, driving associations. A few qualities that are regularly connected with being a successful pioneer incorporate a proportion of insight, high vitality, self-assurance, predominance, and a requirement for accomplishment. A compelling, magnetic pioneer must show others how its done. That pioneer must have the option to recognize what is happening, the activity or undertaking that is being cultivated, and have the option to lead the gathering into playing out the job needing to be done effectively. There are a wide range of sorts of speculations on initiative. There is Fiedler’s possibility hypothesis, situational speculations of initiative and House’s way objective hypothesis. These hypotheses are utilized to make an individual or supervisor an increasingly powerful pioneer. They can be utilized as a guide for people and assist them with accomplishing whatever objective is set out by their association or gathering. Fiedler’s Theory is expressed in the force point introduction as the relationship between administration direction and gathering adequacy is dependent upon how good the circumstance is for applying impact. On the off chance that there is some disaster which will come to pass for a gathering or set of people in the event that an undertaking isn't finished, at that point that gathering will be increasingly powerful as they are propelled to finish that errand to turn away that specific fiasco. The Situational Theories of initiative clarify how administration style must be custom fitted to the requests of the undertaking and the characteristics of subordinates.

Your Guide to an Impeccable Curriculum Vitae for Grad School

Your Guide to an Impeccable Curriculum Vitae for Grad School Among the common documents required for graduate school admission, a curriculum vitae (CV) will often be a part of your application paperwork. Not all programs require one but if you plan to go into any sort of advanced academic field, youll still need to create a CV and add to it consistently as you gain experience and publishing credentials. Whether its for a scholarship, a graduate teaching position, or a job after you graduate, having a well-written CV will be just as important as your resume.Your CV will be an important document for graduate school admission and post-grad work.A lot of people get confused between the difference between a CV and a resume. The easiest way to look at it is to understand that the purpose of a CV is to highlight your academic accomplishments and experience, while a resume focuses more on your professional qualifications and work history. There are some elements theyll both haveâ€"such as your contact information, any professional degrees you hold and where you earned themâ€"but for the most part, theyll look like two very different documents.The sections of a CVThe sections youll want to include on a CV for grad school will likely be different than what youd include on a CV for a university teaching position. For example, a CV for a teaching position is commonly divided into the following sections:Personal detailsEducationTeaching ExperienceResearch ExperienceHonors and AwardsGrants AwardedTechnical CompetenciesProfessional ExperiencePublicationsConference PresentationsAcademic and Professional MembershipsResearch and Teaching InterestsCommunity Service, Volunteer Work, and Extra-Curricular ActivitiesAdditional Relevant Skills and LanguagesReferencesIf you dont have relevant information to include beneath any of these section headings, youll want to leave out that section, obviously. However, well go over what each of these sections should include, and show you an example of what it might look like with the correct formatting.P ersonal detailsThis section is the same as how youd begin a resume, with your name, mailing address, telephone number and email address. This information should be in a larger, bolder font compared to the rest of your CV to make it stand out.Joseph A. Smith1555 Main Street, Apartment 212Columbus, Ohio 43004(614) 555-1212 ? joesmith@columbusc.eduEducationIn this section, you should include the academic institutions youve attended, starting with the most recent and working backward. Your high school information should be included, but dont include any information for middle school or elementary school.As with a resume, you should include the school or colleges name, the city and state where it is located, the degree you received (or are currently working on), the Latinate honors you were granted at graduation (if applicable), the program major or concentration, a thesis or dissertation you completed (if applicable), and the dates you attended.Masters in Education, magna cum laude (Jun e 2017)Columbus College, Columbus, OhioThesis title: Reading Strategies for At-Risk, Low-Level ReadersTeaching ExperienceIf youre writing your CV for graduate school, you likely wont have teaching experience to include. However, if this section is relevant and you do have teaching experience to add, include the position, the dates you held it, where the position was held, and a bullet list of all of your duties associated with your job.8th Grade Language Arts Instructor (2016-2017)Columbus City Schools, Columbus, OhioTaught state-mandated objectives in English grammar, writing and literature to students identified as intellectually gifted.Conducted writing workshops for faculty and students focused on state writing assessments; developed professional workshops for faculty members on topics relating to writing and grammar.Maintained classroom grades, records, and parent contact.Research ExperienceHaving strong research skills and experience is highly useful to academic departments lo oking to hire graduate assistants. Its also vital if youre going to be a university professor, as research is required of all tenured academic appointments. Heres an example of what your research experience section might look like:Research Assistant (2015-2016)Department of English, Columbus CollegeAssisted Professor William OReily with primary and secondary source research.Assisted with gathering data and writing methodology of Methods of Making Reading Relevant for At-Risk Boys, published in the Journal of American EducationHonors and AwardsThis is the portion of your CV containing a list of honors and awards youve received. Be sure to include in this section any Presidents List or Deans Lists honors you have earned (along with the years you received them).Award of Excellence in Research, Columbus College, Columbus, OH (2017)Deans List, Columbus College, Columbus, OH (2015-2017)Phi Beta Kappa Award for Outstanding Achievement (2016)Grants AwardedThe standard format for listing any grants you may have received is the following:Current Research (beginning with the most recent one then working backwards)Grant # (PI Name)Name of Funding Organization (avoid using acronyms)Amount AwardedPeriod of Grant AwardTitle of ProjectRole on Project (if not the PI)Technical CompetenciesYour technical competencies are any skills you have beyond your professional and academic experience that would benefit you across industries or roles. For example, your list might look something like this:Project ManagementTechnical WritingData AnalysisData MiningDatabase ManagementStatistical AnalysisProfessional ExperienceYour professional experience is any experience you have earned outside of academic circles, particularly in the working/career world (if both worlds have co-existed for you). As example might be:Assistant Editor (2016-2017)Columbus FlyerConducted interviews and wrote feature articles related to philanthropy, the Arts, events and people in the Greater Columbus area.Copyedit ed each months issue, including calendar/event listings, advertiser contributions and contributions from other writers, ensuring consistency and an error-free publication.Librarian (2010-2013)Columbus Public LibraryShelved books and restocked missing items.Assisted patrons with finding books, researching, paying library fines, using the computers, and looking through microfiche.PublicationsFor this section, you should list your publishing credits. This can include both academic and professional or freelance writing, such as the example below:Smith, J. (2013, June 1). Outreach Opportunities for Volunteers. Columbus Flyer. Retrieved from http://www.columbusflyer.comGrant, P. Smith, J. (2017, March 2). Strategies for Teaching Struggling Readers. Journal of Reading Readiness. Retrieved from http://findjournal.orgConference PresentationsAs with your publishing credits, experiences with conference presentations should be highlighted on your CV, as well. This shows potential employers or academic programs that you are comfortable teaching and instructing others, as well as sharing your findings with relevant audiences. Heres an example of how this section might look:Poster, November 2015: Your Cues In Classroom Management.Undergraduate Educational Arts Symposium, Columbus College.Paper, November 2016: There Are More Ways Than You Can Imagine to Teach a ChildPhi Beta Kappa Annual Conference, Memphis, TN.Academic and Professional MembershipsThis section is a list of the various academic and professional organizations of which you are a member. A longer list shows that you are involved with your field and seek professional development and networking opportunities within it. Your list might look something like this:Modern Language AssociationInternational Sociological AssociationSociety of Young ResearchersPhi Beta Kappa SocietyResearch and Teaching InterestsEspecially if you are creating a CV for graduate school admissions, your audience should be made aware of any res earch or teaching interests you have. Your list might look something like this:At-Risk/Low-Level ReadersContent Area Teaching and LearningCurriculum and InstructionDevelopmental MilestonesDifferentiated InstructionEarly Literacy DevelopmentEducational Technology and Digital MediaEnglish Language LearnersIntervention and PreventionLearning DisabilitiesSustained Silent Reading (SSR)Community Service, Volunteer Work, and Extra-Curricular ActivitiesAdmissions committees and potential employers like to know that you know how to balance your life with activities outside of the classroom or office. This section of your CV might look something like this:Community Volunteer Mentor (2015-2016)Public Libraries of Columbus, OHServed on volunteer committee focused on bringing free mentoring and tutoring services to low-income students.Tutored and mentored low-income, at-risk students needing additional support to succeed in school.Womens Shelter Volunteer (2008-2013)Womens Shelter of ColumbusAss isted with intake of abused and battered women and their children, including counseling, finding suitable clothing and personal toiletry items, scheduling appointments with community outreach services, and leading group sessions.Assisted with shelter upkeep, including cleaning, organization, intake of donations, and food services.Additional Relevant Skills and LanguagesFor this section, list any languages you speak, including whether youre a native speaker or are only fluent in writing it (rather than speaking). The section might look something like this:English (Native)French (Fluent in speaking and writing)ReferencesAs with a resume, including references on your CV allows your audience to contact others to learn more about their experiences working with you or knowing you on a personal level.Tamara Evans, Professor of English,Columbus College(614) 997-8273tamevans@columbusc.eduLacey Smith, Managing EditorColumbus Flyer(614) 543-6372Lacey@columbusflyer.comCV formattingFinally, here are a few additional formatting rules to consider for your CV:Use an 11- or 12- point, easily readable font, such as Times New Roman.Set your margins to approximately one inch.Think like a graphic designer and include enough white space to make sure your CV is easy to read and scan.Be sure to bold, underline, or capitalize important information, but do it consistently.Include a header with your name and page number on each page.Avoid use of abbreviations and acronyms that others might not understand outside of your field.Only print on one side of each sheet of paper.

Essay on Drown - 886 Words

Drown â€Å"The fact that I am writing to you in English already falsifies what I wanted to tell you.†(Diaz) Drown; a compilation of short stories, by Junot Diaz portrays the integration of fiction and truth. Yunior, narrator, as he tells his stories, he exaggerates and jumps from one period of his life to another. The characters of the story can relate to many young adults. Their experiences and the journeys of their lives are what most Hispanic teenagers go through. The 10 different stories explain the different themes shown throughout the book. The Hispanic community faces many problems and Diaz states a couple of them; gender immigration, violence, drugs, family, cultural identity, and the Latin experience. In the beginning,†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, Rafa sees this as his opportunity to see what is underneath the mask. â€Å"The mask twitched I realized he was smiling and the my brother brought his arm around and smashed the bottle on top of his head.†(Diaz 18) Once the mask was removed, their journey to see what was underneath it was not what they had expected to see. Instead of being happy by their accomplishment they were instead beginning to feel sick. Diaz uses the character of Ysrael to make a comparison with the immigration of lower class individuals. The boys only recognize the familiar and when Ysrael comes along its bizarre for them because they have never seen someone like him. Similarly with lower class people that get ready to face the hardships of getting accustomed to a new language, culture, and environment. It’s tough for immigrants when they first arrive because not only are they faced with learning new traditions but also they have to deal with racism and hatred. Diaz demonstrates the theme of immigration and the hope for the American Dream when the father leaves his family behind and comes to the United States. He promises them that he will send money to them so they can go and be reunited once again. But as soon as he arrives he was forgotten about everything he left in the past. He, like any one, will do anything to be granted citizenship, even if it means cheating on his wife. The father loves his family but he didn’t realize that coming here andShow MoreRelatedDrown895 Words   |  4 PagesDrown The fact that I am writing to you in English already falsifies what I wanted to tell you.(Diaz) Drown; a compilation of short stories, by Junot Diaz portrays the integration of fiction and truth. Yunior, narrator, as he tells his stories, he exaggerates and jumps from one period of his life to another. The characters of the story can relate to many young adults. Their experiences and the journeys of their lives are what most Hispanic teenagers go through. The 10 different storiesRead MoreDrown1334 Words   |  6 Pages In the book Drown by Junot Diaz has expressed a persons experience and environment impacts them in a negative ways. Even the ones that help eachother throughout the way could also affect one in a negative way.It will make one do things one might not want to do and doesnt notice because their in a type of mood. They don t realize what their decisions are taking them the right path taking challenges and overcoming them or go the wrong path to life trying to make things easy for you which meansRead MoreDrown, By Junot Diaz916 Words   |  4 Pages "I usually make a fortune on Saturdays, selling to those kids going down to Belmar or out to Spruce Run.† (Drown). The narrator, Yunior, in the story Drown by Junot Diaz is a drug dealer and does not want anyone to recognize him so that he may uphold a positive image. Unlike Yunior in â€Å"Drown† the narrator in the poem What Work Is by Philip Levine depicts the struggles men and women face when trying to obtain honest work. â€Å"We stand in the rain in a long line waiting at Ford Highland Park, forRead More Drown: A Consideration Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pages In Drown, a collection of short stories, author Junot Diaz presents readers with an impoverished group of characters through harsh, but vivid language. Through the voice of Yunior, the narrator throughout the majority of the stories, Diaz places the blame for Yunior’s negativity and rebellious nature on the disappointment caused by his father and the childhood illusion of America. Diaz, through la nguage and symbolism, forces readers into an emotional bond with Yunior while exposing the illusoryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Drown By Junot Diaz1561 Words   |  7 Pagesto hide their flaws and act a certain way. If men express their un-masculine nature, they will be seen as expressing their weakness. In Drown written by Junot Dà ­az, contains many stories about Dominican Republic male struggles as an immigrant in America. One of the struggles Dà ­az expresses in his text is appearing masculine in society’s eyes. From the story â€Å"Drown†, the unnamed narrator expresses what it means to be masculine. â€Å"Boyfriend† is a story about another unnamed narrator observing his neighbor’sRead MoreHaywood versus Drown Essay2575 Words   |  11 PagesWhy did you choose this civil liability issue? Why did it interest you? In Haywood v. Drown (2008), an inmate (Haywood) is suing a correctional officer (Drown). This civil liability issue is one that is reasonably recent in the field of corrections. Throughout my career thus far, I have been employed as a corrections officer and have heard inmates threatening to sue the department and individual officers. I have also seen countless letters go out to individuals asking for help getting a lawyerRead MoreAnalysis Of Drown By Junot Diaz1073 Words   |  5 Pagesitself. We as a unit give society so much authority that when it comes down to it, we unintentionally allow it to make the decisions for us. This issue becomes very apparent in the movie Moonlight and the collection of short stories â€Å"Drown† by Junot Diaz. In â€Å"Drown†, through the voice the narrator of the stories Yunior, the author Junot Diaz greets the readers with a seemingly very distressed group of characters by vividly describing them with the use of very harsh and viv id language. Junot DiazRead MoreJunot Diaz Drown Research Paper1665 Words   |  7 Pagesimmigrates to a new country they become marginalized, they’re alienated from common cultural practices, social ritual, and scripted behavior. It’s not without intercultural communication and negotiation do immigrants conform to new surroundings. In â€Å"Drown,† the title story of his narrative collection, Junot Diaz enumerates the story of a Hispanic youth growing up in New Jersey. Though Diaz explores issues of queerness, shamelessness, and familial relations within this selection, it is his use of languageRead MoreAnalysis Of Drown By Junot Diazis1461 Words   |  6 PagesIn Drown, by Junot Diaz, there has been many questions about the level of education Yunior has. Although we know he went to college he often shows a very immature side that shows a lack of education. This leads us to think that Yunior is idiotic as he commits a variety of simple-minded acts. But, in fact, Yunior is not as idiotic as we think. What he thinks is usually a lot more intelligent that what he does. This distinction clearly indicates that something else must be guiding Yunior’s decisionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Junot Diaz s Drown 1586 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough most of the short stories Junot Diaz has written are fictionalized the experiences and circumstances described in â€Å"Drown† are authentic. Latinos in neighborhoods all over the world experience the hardships and struggles that Diaz’s characters face in Drown. These characters, like real people are molded and impacted by the issues surrounding them. The dangers found in the neighborhood streets, the exposure to drugs, and the everyday struggles of Latino families prove the impact and authenticity

Pessimistic Nature Of Holden Caulfield In The Catcher In...

Holden Caulfield is an interesting narrator and character of the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Unlike many narrators, he doesn’t seem one-dimensional and possessing only one trait. Many times throughout the novel, Holden’s actions and thoughts tend to conflict with each other, whether that be positive or negative. Therefore, this idea of his more complex nature gives readers differing perspectives of the character and their general preference or distaste of Holden. Regardless of his pessimistic viewpoint of the people around him and his surroundings, I predominately like Holden, specifically for how relatable he is to me and his genuinely caring nature towards certain people. Unfortunately, no person is perfect, and the pessimistic nature†¦show more content†¦As well as this, Holden has a deep desire for the world and the people that inhabit it to slow down. This is evident in the situation Holden finds himself in when looking at the Museum of Natural History, and after describing the fascinating aspects of the museum, he notes that, â€Å"The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was† (157). To conclude, Holden has wishes that are common to many people worldwide, therefore making him a relatable character. To add to the positive side of Holden, he does have a capability of caring for other people. Firstly, Holden has a deep love for children and preserving their innocence, to the point that he tells his little sister Phoebe, â€Å"What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff†¦I know it’s crazy, but that’s the only thing I’d really like to be† (224, 225). He wishes to keep children from falling off the cliff of innocence into the real world, and he even does this in a small way by rubbing off a profane message on a wall of the school Phoebe attends. As well as children, Holden has a deep affection for his fellow family members. Throughout theShow MoreRelatedCriticism Of Salinger s The Rye1382 Words   |  6 PagesCRITICISM Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye has been into continuous dispute and controversy since its publication in 1951. Some critics think that Salinger s narrative of the human plight is engrossing and enlightening, yet incredibly depressing. The leading character, Holden Caulfield, serves as the basis for critical discussion due to his psychological conflict. Salinger s portrayal of Holden, which encloses incidents of dejection, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration, andRead MoreCatcher in the Rye984 Words   |  4 PagesENG 4U1 June 12, 2012 Catcher In The Rye Essay A role model can be can classified as one of many things, but what is it exactly that distinguishes a good one from a bad? The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D Salinger is utilized to present the character Holden Caulfield as an unsuitable role model. Firstly, Holden relies on drugs for a way out of his problems instead of facing them. Also, he cannot find his place in the world, which arises, from his natural inclination to lie andRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis892 Words   |  4 Pagesany young person. The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, illustrates these ideas through Holden Caulfield, his main figure. By displaying how tough it is for him to grow up and admit that he cannot stay adamant in his belief and realize his interpretation of others is limited. The time that is presented allows Holden more ground for stereotypes and explains why his mindset is so set and why he interprets individuals and circumstances in his own sense. The perception of Holden help to present theRead MoreA Pessimistic Adolescent Is Not What Most Consider A Reliable Narrator1295 Words   |  6 PagesA pessimistic adolescent is not what most consider a reliable narrator, but author J.D. Salinger challenges this commonly held thought with his coming-of-age novel The Catcher in the Rye. The reader is introduced to Holden Caulfield, a secondary school junior that is outcasted and aimless upon expulsion from yet another preparatory school in a post-World War II world. Salinger weaves a myriad of comparisons of genuinity and disingenuousness into his work, each explored through a facet of Caulfield’sRead MoreRevealing Caulfield Essay790 Words   |  4 Pages In Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, the physical and psychological unraveling of the narrator, Holden Caulfield, is related through his inarticulate, but sincere voice. Salinger weaves Holdens narration in a way that reflects the young characters age through his words and thoughts. At 16 years yo ung, Holdens narration is often pessimistic, at times enthusiastic, and above all else contradictory. The same could be said about his thoughts concerning the topic of sex, which is a growing sourceRead MoreA Negative View Of Mental Illness1781 Words   |  8 Pagesmakes people think this way? Society has a negative view of mental illness because of media portrayal, the attitudes of individuals, and skepticism, and the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, makes a connection to these views of the world. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, the main character Holden Caulfield is clearly disturbed in some way or another. The opening paragraph begins to paint a clear picture of Holden’s unique and descriptive personality, â€Å"I’ll just tell you

Poem Life and Reality Free Essays

In this poem, the poetess, Elizabeth Sewell, has made an extraordinary resolution to make herself a better woman by facing and living with reality in the start of the New Year. New Year is generally understood as starting of a new chapter of one’s life. People make resolution by taking stock of their lives and resolving to be better ones. We will write a custom essay sample on Poem: Life and Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, is reported to have said that un-examined life is not worthy of living and it is almost a tradition with the sensible and reasonable people to take stock of their life and to resolve to be better people, at the start of the new year. So, the poetess has decided to live with reality in the New Year. Reality is not always comfortable but pinching and disturbing. The use of the image â€Å"bony arms† points to this fact. But the poetess is resolute and will draw comfort fulfilling her resolution. The phrase ‘draining of long droughts is linked with drinking wine but the poetess intends to drink calmness and thinks it necessary for cleansing herself. It is quite natural and true that in loneliness and quiet one can examine one’s life honestly. It is a self-criticism. Life examined critically purifies one for better future life. I will drain Long draughts of quiet As a purgation; Reference These lines have been taken from ‘New Year resolutions’ written by‘Elizabeth Sewell’. CONTEXT: Elizabeth Sewell determines to be quite so that she may know and judge her self. She may face the reality of life. Explanation In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long drops during night and will clean herself from all kinds of evils. This will assist her in helping other people because her own mind and spirit will be free from all types of evils. â€Å"Long draughts of Quiet† also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her soul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says; she will talk less and hear more and mold her life into betterment. Remember Twice daily Who I am; Explanation In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the evening and in the morning. She will take into consideration what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Will lie o’ nights In the bony arms Of Reality and comforted Explanation These are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is  a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year New In this poem, the poetess, Elizabeth Sewell, has made an extraordinary resolution to make herself a better woman by facing and living with reality in the start of the New Year. New Year is generally understood as starting of a new chapter of one’s life. People make resolution by taking stock of their lives and resolving to be better ones. Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, is reported to have said that unexamined life is not worthy of living and it is almost a tradition with the sensible and reasonable people to take stock of their life and to resolve to be better people, at the start of the new year. So, the poetess has decided to live with reality in the New Year. Reality is not always comfortable but pinching and disturbing. The use of the image â€Å"bony arms† points to this fact. But the poetess is resolute and will draw comfort fulfilling her resolution. The phrase ‘draining of long draughts’ is linked with drinking wine but the poetess intends to drink calmness and thinks it necessary for cleansing herself. It is quite natural and true that in loneliness and quiet one can examine one’s life honestly. It is a self-criticism. Life examined critically purifies one for better future life. Critical Explanation: It is a short and interesting poem written by Elizabeth Sewell. The arrival of New Year is usually celebrated with great fervour and enthusiasm. It is a tradition to make some promises in the light of which one wants to spend one’s New Year. Usually people pledge to become better human beings in the New Year. The poetess makes an extraordinary resolution at the beginning of the New Year. She says that in order to purify her soul, she will remain quiet. She will drink long sips of quietness. It is a beautiful simile as if quietness is a medicine that can make her clean physically and spiritually from impurities. Quietness seems to purify her because when a person is quiet and is not taking active part in the problems of the world, he gets time to have an insight into his own soul. He can then see his own impurities and drawbacks and can get rid of them. The poetess also wants to  do this. She will face the reality. She will not have any high opinion about herself in future. She will not lead a conceited life and have no superiority complex about herself. From now on, she will speak the truth to herself. She will not misjudge her own personality. In order to fulfill this goal. She will remind herself about her own reality twice during a day. Her assessment about herself will be true and real. During the night also, she will not forget the reality. Nodoubt, it is a time when one forgets bitter realities of this world and is lost in the imaginary world of dreams. But she pledges that she will not lose her contact with reality though it is hard like the bony arms yet she will prefer it because she has made her pledge and only the fulfillment of her promise will make her happy. It is very hard thing to face the reality and specially the reality about our own self. Our ego and our conceited self stop us from seeing our weakness. Without facing these realities, we are unable to improve ourselves. So the resolution to see the reality is the first step towards reformation. New 2 â€Å"New Year Resolutions† By Elizabeth Sewell (Reference to the Context) Reference: These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"New Year Resolutions†, written by Elizabeth Sewell. Context: This poem is about the new year resolutions and promises. Another year has lapsed. On the start of the new year, the poetess takes stock of herself very realistically. She tries to make this world a better place by making new pledges. Her untraditional resolution is to face and lie with reality. Lines 1 – 3 Explanation: In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long draughts during night and will purge herself from all kinds of evils. This will assist her in helping other people because her own mind and spirit will be free from all types of evils. â€Å"Long  draughts of Quiet† also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her oul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says; she will talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment. Lines 4 – 6 In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the evening and in the morning. She will take into consideration what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Lines 7 – 9 These are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year. My thoughts Explanation In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long draughts during night and will purge herself from all kinds of evils.Long draughts of Quiet† also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her soul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says; she will talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment. Explanation In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the evening and in the morning. She will take into consideration what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Explanation These are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year These lines have been taken from the poem â€Å"New Year Resolutions†, written byElizabeth Sewell. Context: This poem is about the new year resolutions and promises. Another year has lapsed. On the start of the new year, the poetess takes stock of herself very realistically. She tries to make this world a better place by making new pledges. Her untraditional resolution is to face and lie with reality. Lines 1 – 3 Explanation: In these lines the poetess describes her mental state and the way she would drink to purify her soul. She says that she will drink wine at night secretly. She will have long draughts during night and will purge herself  from all kinds of evils. This will assist her in helping other people because her own mind and spirit will be free from all types ofevils. â€Å"Long draughts of Quiet† also suggests that she will keep quiet most of time. This will be the best means for the purification of her soul and it will help her in leading beneficial and successful life. She says; she will talk less and hear more and mould her life into betterment. Lines 4 – 6 In the given lines Elizabeth says, she will remember herself twice daily, in the eveningand in the morning. She will take into consideration what her aim of creation is. She will try to understand the purpose of life in general. Perhaps she means that she should recognize herself, which will help her in recognizing God and leading life for benefit of others. Lines 7 – 9 These are concluding lines of the poem. Here, the poetess says she will accept reality. While, sleeping at night, she will consider the bitter reality of life. During the new year she will make some promises and pledges. She will sleep on thin, less-fleshy arms of reality. Accepting reality and facts is always a difficult thing, but she will accept it bravely. She will feel relieved and satisfied, when she comes to know that she has spent her life for the benefit of others. The image of bony arms is a hard reality. Even then she will get delight and feel comforted when she has fulfilled her promises and resolutions, she has made on the start of the new year. How to cite Poem: Life and Reality, Essays

Cost Leadership free essay sample

The use of this strategy is primarily to gain an advantage over competitors by reducing operation costs below that of others in the same industry. For example, The Swedish furniture retailer Ikea revolutionized the furniture industry by offering cheap but stylish furniture. Ikea is able to keep its prices low by sourcing its products in low-wage countries and by offering a very basic level of service and it allows Ikea to offer lower prices that attract customer. Differentiation strategy Approach under which a firm aims to develop and market unique products for different customer segments. It is usually employed where a firm has clear competitive advantages, and can sustain an expensive advertising campaign. For example, in consumer electronic there is Sony Company. Sony provide a lot of thing in electronic thing like Vaio for computer, Xperia for hand phone, Sony walkman for music players and etc which they are different from other rival in such their style, specification and quality. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Focus strategy Refer to the business level strategy based on providing products or services to a specific niche within industry. The firm would narrow its focus on a smaller market niche and decide whether to go for cost leader or differentiation focus. For example firm who decide focus on cost is Mydin that provide low cost product which their focus is for middle class people who can afford their price. While another example for focus on differentiation is Ferrari which have differentiation strategy focus in car industry. They made their product by hand made. Achieving a sustainable competitive advantage over the other competing products and firms in a market is a one of goals for the company. It can be achiece by using Porters Generic Strategies. Diagram above show the three generic business level strategies adopted from Porter, 1985. The three element are cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy. Firstly, i would like to talk about cost leadership strategy. This strategy used by businesses to create a low cost of operation within their niche. The use of this strategy is primarily to gain an advantage over competitors by reducing operation costs below that of others in the same industry. For example, The Swedish furniture retailer Ikea revolutionized the furniture industry by offering cheap but stylish furniture. Ikea is able to keep its prices low by sourcing its products in low-wage countries and by offering a very basic level of service and it allows Ikea to offer lower prices that attract customer. Secondly, differentiation strategy approach under which a firm aims   to develop and market unique product for different customer segment. It is usually employed here a firm has clear competitive advantages and can sustain an expensive advertising campaign. For example, in consumer electronic there is Sony Company. Sony provide a lot of thing in electronic thing like Vaio for computer, Xperia for hand phone, Sony walkman for music players and etc which they are different from other rival in such their style, specification and quality. Last strategy is focus strategy which refer to the business level strategy based on providing products or services to a specific niche within industry. It also diveded into two form which cost based focus and differentiation focus. The firm would narrow its focus on a smaller market niche and decide whether to go for cost leader or differentiation focus. For example firm who decide focus on cost is Mydin, a grocery stores   that provide low cost product which their focus is for middle class people who can afford their price. While another example for focus on differentiation is Ferrari which have differentiation strategy focus in car industry. They made their product by hand made and their focus are for rich people who are willing to pay a high price in order to get differentiation from others. As conclusion, here are some strategies that firm can take in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage  over the other competing products and firms in a market which using Porters Generic Strategies and some of example from me to make you all have firm to make sample for reference. I hope you can understand and can use it as a new plan strategies in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage over the other competing products and firms in a market.

Profit sharing Essay Example

Profit sharing Essay Whichever programme is taken most of the training will take place on the shop floor. The experience of working in more than one selling department is given, as well as in some behind-the-scenes functions such as finance and the supply chain. Practical training will be supplemented by formal training sessions. These may include personal coaching, help from subject experts, a specific training course and easy-to-use training resources. There are no prescribed time limits to complete the programme, but a target date will be made by the manager and staff trainer. Regular progress meetings will allow quality time to discuss achievements and any areas for development. Training in John Lewis is also quite good: giving different types of training for people and also no specific time is given for most of the program, making it more convenient for the employee’s as well as people who might want a career in John Lewis receives and also the people who are going to work for a short period of time or students applying for work experience or only working in their vacation gets a different type of training which is better since it saves time and money but on the other hand it also is a disadvantage since the people applying for a short time will have a different place and different people to teach them therefore this also wastes time and money. Motivation The Human resource department is also responsible for motivating the employees. Motivation is the desire of an individual to work and to get involved in activities. Money, and the way it is pa id, can affect motivation to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Profit sharing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These are some of the most usual payment systems: Time rate or ‘wages’ Paying by the number of hours worked. Piece rate Paying by the number of items (pieces) produced. Overtime Extra pay for work done over and above normal working hours. It is usually paid at a higher hourly rate, e. g. double time means twice the normal hourly rate. Shift payments Usually paid for working unsocial hours such as night work. Bonus payments A special single payment for achieving a target. Profit sharing A percentage of the company’s profit is shared amongst the workers. A loyalty bonus can be used to persuade workers to stay with their employer for a long period of time. Employees may not want to work longer than their contracted hours but they can often be persuaded to do so by receiving a higher rate of pay. A perk is a payment in kind; instead of giving money the employer might provide: Cars, health insurance, free uniform, discounted products, and first class travel. Most people work to satisfy needs of one kind or another. Non-financial motivators are things other than money that motivate people to work. Abraham Maslow developed his hierarchy of needs based on research about what motivates people to work. He suggested that there were 5 levels of need that influence a person’s behavior. 1. Basic needs – A person starts at the bottom of the hierarchy and will initially seek to satisfy basic needs (e. g. food, shelter). 2. Safety needs – Safety needs at work could include physical safety (e. g. protective clothing) as well as protection against unemployment, loss of income through sickness etc). 3. Social needs – Social needs recognize that most people want to belong to a group. These would include the need for love and belonging (e. g. working with colleague who support you at work, teamwork, communication) 4. Self-esteem needs – Esteem needs are about being given recognition for a job well done. They reflect the fact that many people seek the esteem and respect of others. A promotion at work might achieve this 5. Self-actualization – Self-actualization is about how people think about themselves – this is often measured by the extent of success and/or challenge at work People are only truly motivated by enabling them to reach for and satisfy the factors that Herzberg identified as real motivators, such as personal growth, development, etc. , which represent a far deeper level of meaning and fulfillment.

Free Essays on Greek Theatre

Both had their beginnings in the Greek theater thousands of years ago. Tragedy began about 535 B.C. to be followed by comedy around fifty years later. The Greeks somehow thought that laughter is not our first impluse, but obviously needed some relief from tragedy. Tragic figures began as unique, idalized, almost God-llike characters. They appeared to have everything going for them. Through no fault of their own they became victims of fate, an external enemy, or incredibly bad timing. What began as a seemingly happy life ended tragically. Ironically in tragedy there is always hope, that somehow the tragic hero will prevail; but of course he/she never does. In comedy, on the other hand, the protagonist is an ordinary figure who experiences trouble early on in the narrative. The comic hero is much more flawed than the tragic hero. Comedy depends on tragedy, otherwise there would be no means to comment on the comic situation within the narrative. Like tragedy, â€Å"the best laid plans† go awry in comedy. In comedy these situations are usually of the protagonist’s own making, while in tragedy, it’s always someone else’s fault. In comedy, predicaments are portrayed as having no way out. But things change just in the â€Å"nick† of time- often due to the flexibility of the hero’s character.... Free Essays on Greek Theatre Free Essays on Greek Theatre Both had their beginnings in the Greek theater thousands of years ago. Tragedy began about 535 B.C. to be followed by comedy around fifty years later. The Greeks somehow thought that laughter is not our first impluse, but obviously needed some relief from tragedy. Tragic figures began as unique, idalized, almost God-llike characters. They appeared to have everything going for them. Through no fault of their own they became victims of fate, an external enemy, or incredibly bad timing. What began as a seemingly happy life ended tragically. Ironically in tragedy there is always hope, that somehow the tragic hero will prevail; but of course he/she never does. In comedy, on the other hand, the protagonist is an ordinary figure who experiences trouble early on in the narrative. The comic hero is much more flawed than the tragic hero. Comedy depends on tragedy, otherwise there would be no means to comment on the comic situation within the narrative. Like tragedy, â€Å"the best laid plans† go awry in comedy. In comedy these situations are usually of the protagonist’s own making, while in tragedy, it’s always someone else’s fault. In comedy, predicaments are portrayed as having no way out. But things change just in the â€Å"nick† of time- often due to the flexibility of the hero’s character....

Explain the marketing concept and discuss what it means for an Essay

Explain the marketing concept and discuss what it means for an organisation to have a marketing orientation, using examples t - Essay Example Boone (2012) further denotes that coca cola used the social media, the print media, and the electronic media to advertise the products and services that it offers during this period of the world cup. By looking at this strategy of coca cola, we can denote that advertising is an important element of the principles of marketing. The main aim of carrying out an advertisement is to persuade the target market on the need of buying the products under consideration, and promoting the product under consideration. Russell (2012) denotes that for an organization to achieve success and efficiency in their marketing strategies, they must develop an advertisement that has the capability of persuading its target market on the need of buying into the products of the company. For example, an effective advertisement has to contain the name of the product, the usage of the product, and the value in which a customer will get by using the products under consideration (Kozmetsky, 2012). Companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Apples have developed an advertisement strategy that is always very effective in persuading their target markets on the importance of buying their products. This is by aligning the various technological needs of their target markets in their products, and communicating what they have done to their customers (Kozmetsky, 2012). Kotler and Armstrong (2012) believe that marketing concept involves developing policies products aimed at satisfying the various needs of the customer. In the current era, many business organizations in the world aim at achieving efficiency in the manner in which they meet their objectives. Kotler and Armstrong (2012) observe that the main objective of a business organization is to maximize profits, and increase their market share. To achieve this objective in an efficient manner, an organization must integrate all the four concepts of marketing, while developing a marketing strategy. These concepts are, product, price, promotion, and place. Under the principles of marketing concepts, Ramachandra and Chandrashekara (2010) believe that an organization will seek to improve on the quality of their products, and minimize costs for purposes producing products which are of high quality value, and affordable to the majority of its target market. By using these policies and concepts, the organization might manage to increase its market share, and its profitability. On this basis, the marketing principles of product and price come into place. Brenkert (2008) believe that the quality of an organizations product will determine whether it manages to satisfy the various needs of customers. This is because the notion of marketing concept involves developing products whose main aim is to satisfy the various needs of customers (Brenkert, 2008). If a product does not satisfy the various needs of customers, then chances are high that the company might fail to make sales (McDaniel and Gates, 2013). This might result to losses, and the ev entual closure of a business organization (Brenkert, 2008). The pricing of a product is also a very important aspect of marketing. The price of a product determines whether customers might afford the product under consideration, or fail to afford it. Ramachandra and Chandrashekara (2010) denotes that if the products of an organization are very expensive, and of high quality, then they will attract the most affluent

Survey analysis for online resale shop Case Study - 1

Survey analysis for online resale shop - Case Study Example No participant was forced for any sort of unwilling participation. Additionally, all participants were given the right to withdraw from participation in the study at any stage. The researcher has also kept the element of confidentiality into consideration. Personal information of selected participants has been kept intact. The competition in the global business market s very intense these days. This intensified competition across markets have make the survival of business next to impossible, It has become very difficult for businesses to retain their potential customers in the age of advance technology. However, e-business in such instance is one platform where businesses are competing against each other to win their potential customers. For businesses to succeed it has become very important to offer both local & online services. To further acquire these details in depth, this study has selected quantitative research method. Using this, survey has been conducted. From the survey, it has been acquired that out of the selected 250 participants, 198 participants agreed that they like shopping online while 52 participants should resistance towards online shopping. From the responses’ it is noted that most of the participants like shopping online. Many of the selected participants also believed that they usually shop luxury goods from shopping malls such as: Westfield, Selfridges, Harrods†¦etc. In such instances, they spend  £251 -  £350 on usual basis on luxury goods. The most common platform selected by potential customers to make online purchases is from Amazon. Most of the people ask their friends for inspiration before making any online purchase. Two most important elements/variables for making online purchase for clothes are them quality/material while price is the second most important element. It is also evident that an online shop provides more up-to-date information than their

Impact of HRM on Productivity

Impact of HRM on Productivity The impact of HRM practices and policies on employee productivity is a significant subject in the arena of human resource management, industrial relations and organizational psychology. The bulk of its work includes the rationale of utilization of High Performance Work Practices, boost up compensation and deliverance in the field of management systems and broader employee participation and training, can better the knowledge, enhance their urge/motivation, decrease avoiding work and improve retaining of quality employees while boosting up idler to quit the organization. Most of the logic given in the related research topics shows this fact that firm present and prospective human resources are pivotal considerations in the development and completion of its tactical business plan. Although the bulk of this literature is theoretical, concludes that human resource management usage can assist to develop a source of long term competitive benefit, especially when they are associated with a firms viable stratagem. I both this largely hypothetical literature and the rising traditional acumen among human resource professionals there is a emergent agreement that organizational human resource tactic may, if adequately arrange in a particular way, present a vivid/direct and inexpensively noteworthy contribution to firm capability. The assumption is that more effective systems of HRM practices, which at the same time use the potential for complementarities or synergies among such practices and help to implement a firms competitive strategy, are sources of sustained competitive advantage. Unluckily, very little pragmatic evidence assists such a notion. What empirical work does exist has largely focused on individual HRM practices to the exclusion of overall HRM systems. 1.2: Background A number of researchers have reported that HR practices are positively linked with organizational and employee productivity or performance. The focus and thrust of these studies have been towards developed countries. Little research has been done to test the HR-performance link in developing countries like Pakistan. Aycan et al. (2000) termed Pakistan as under-researched country in the field of HRM practices. The present study is an attempt to test the relationship between HR practices and employee productivity or performance in Nestle Pakistan Limited, in this situation it is important to find out the determinants which can enhance the employees productivity in an organization. The objective of this research is to facilitate the decision makers in an organization to follow the HRM practices which can improve the productivity of employees. The present study could be helpful to human resource managers of public and private sector organizations in Pakistan for formulation and development of HRM practices that will ensure high level of employees productivity resulting in increased achievement of an organization. To evaluate employee productivity as sanctioned by human resource management practice, as HRM practices have significant impact on employee outcomes particular on the productivity. Support for predictions that impact of HR practices on employee productivity, linking to the HR system focused on human capital enhancement was directly related to multiple dimensions of operational performance such as employee productivity, machine efficiency and customer alignment. Hypotheses will be derived from resource-based perspective on strategy. Positive and significant effects on employee productivity are found for organizations that utilize more sophisticated human resource planning, recruitment and selection strategies. The need to examine the output effects of original service practices using data from model of Nestle Pakistan Limited employees of diverse departments, efficiency regressions demonstrate set of creative work practices, which include motivational pay, teams, pleasant work assignm ents, employment safety measures and training, achieve significantly higher levels of yield which includes slight job definitions, stringent work rules and hourly pay with close management. Most of the literature on HRM activities has presumed that employee productivity affects the success and effectiveness of HRM activities. 1.3: Objectives Determining use of productivity in comparison to performance and recognize productivity level on work performance Finding out employee productivity impact from HRM based functions Relating to several theories and applications of HRM practices in accordance to employee productivity The aim of the proposed study is to explore the relationship between HRM practices and employee productivity. The researcher will try to answer two questions, i.e., How do Human Resource Management (HRM) practices affects Employee productivity? And how an organization can improve its productivity through effective HRM practices? The present research will be conducted through survey questionnaire technique. The questions will be close ended with five point Likert type scale. For calculation and manipulation on the primary data, statistical tools will be used. In this research, Nestle Pakistan Limited a food processor, one of the largest organization in Pakistan will be the target population. In order to select the sample, non-probability convenience sampling technique will be used. The sample will contain 100 respondents including both male and female. This research will be of quantitative type because the quantitative research is more result oriented than qualitative research. The pr esent research will be applicable in almost all areas private and public sectors because it identifies the basic key i.e. Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and employee productivity. Problem statement What is the problem? There are many and varied reasons why managers are continually under distress in organization. Resources, human and material, technology are but a few issues confronting managers daily. More importantly the human aspect has questions that have perplexed and fascinated managers for a long time. These questions include: How can they improve the performance of their employees? Which factors make some employees better productivity in their jobs than others? What makes some employees perform better than others? There are no easy answers to these questions, yet they plague managers in their day-to-day running of organizations. The reality is that the level of employee motivation affects their morale, performance and overall job satisfaction. Research question and research objective Research questions How an organization can improve its productivity through effective HRM practices. How does HRM practice effect employee productivity? Hypothesis Human Resource Management Practices are positively correlated to Employees productivity. H1: Selection is positively correlated to Employees productivity. H2: Training impacts Employees Performance positively. H3: Performance appraisal is positively correlated to Employees Performance. H4: Career planning is positively correlated to Employees Performance. Scope and Limitations of research Scope Scope of the current research study is limited to the Nestle Pakistan Limited. The current study touches those recruitment areas of private sector organization which are still neglected, but have its own importance. The proposed study will throw light on such hiring areas to improve the efficiency of the employees of Nestle Pakistan Limited will increase. The results of the present study will be able to be implemented in the private sector organizations well. Limitations The research study will must have to be completed in November 2010. Time limit is a critical factor because it will have to complete with the normal job routine. Respondents may not be able to respond properly because of their tight schedule. Respondents may not have the proper knowledge about the variables and their relationship which are under study. Personal likeness and dislike-ness of the respondents may create biasness in the study. Respondents may feel hesitation while attempting the questionnaire and may produce ambiguous results. Conceptual framework of research In the past Human resource management (HRM), was known as personnel management, which includes all the activities performed by an organization to make sure the efficient employment of employees towards the accomplishment of individual, group, and organizational objectives. A firms HRM working concentrates upon the people side of administration. It is made of usages which help the company to deal efficiently with its people throughout the different steps of the employment cycle, as well as pre-hire, recruitment, and post-hire. The pre-hire step includes planning tactics. The business must take this decision that what types of job initiation will survive in the future period and focus the required qualifications for performing these jobs. During the hiring steps, the organization chooses its employees. As for as the selection criteria techniques are concerned they include recruiting applicants, judging their diploma, and finally choosing those who are deserved to be the most competent. In the post-hire phase, the business makes HRM policies for efficiently managing persons once they have come to them. These techniques are formed to enhance the performance and contentment levels of employees by giving them with the required knowledge and capabilities to fulfil their job assignments and by developing such occasions that will boost up their energy, guide and help the employees in their efforts to meeting the businesss goals. HRM practices and implementation There is always HR department in a firm which implements its policies and the responsibilities of this department are associated with HR professionals and line managers. The interaction b/w managers and HR professionals guide them to make efficient and productive HRM policies. Firms success depends upon the performance of its worker and methodology of its appraisal method. HR professionals originate the system, while managers present the criteria to judge the standards of making performance evaluations in their right perspective. As far as the nature of these roles is concerned they vary from company to company making its dependence on the size of the business. This conversation presumes large company with highly developed HRM department. Similarly, in small companies without extended HRM departments, line managers must presume an even greater role in efficient HRM practices. HR professionals commonly presume the following four areas of obligations: establishing HRM policies and measures, developing/choosing HRM methods, monitoring/evaluating HRM practices, and advising/assisting managers on HRM-related matters. HR professionals usually make the decision (subject to upper-management approval) what actions to follow when imposing HRM policies. For example, HR professionals may decide that the selection procedure should include having all applicants (1) complete an application (2) give an employment test, and then (3) be ready for the interviewed by an HR professional and line manager. Generally the HR professionals adopt specific methods to implement a firms HRM policies. For example, in selection the HR professional may presume the application empty, develop a prearranged interview guide, or select an employment test. HR professionals also make ensure that the firms HRM practices are adequately implemented. Evaluating and monitoring are involved in this obligation. For example, HR professionals may evaluate the usefulness of employment tests, the success of training programs, and the cost effectiveness of HRM outcomes such as selection, turnover, and recruiting. They also may monitor records to ensure that performance appraisals have been properly completed. HR professionals also consult with management on an array of HRM-related topics. They may assist by providing managers with formal training programs on topics like selection and the law, how to conduct an employment interview, how to appraise employee job performance, or how to effectively discipline employees. HR professionals also provide assistance by giving line managers advice about specific HRM-related concerns, such as how to deal with problem employees. The development of HRM procedures and methods often requires input from line managers. For example, when conducting a job analysis, HR professionals often seek job information from managers and ask managers to review the final written product. Additionally, when HR professionals determine an organizations training needs, managers often suggest what types of training are needed and who, in particular, needs the training. Significance of the study The proposed study is directly related to the human resource management (HRM) practices and its related effects on an organization. A positive or negative correlation will be created between the variables of the HRM practices and employee productivity and performance with in the target population i.e., Nestle Pakistan Limited. The impeding significance of the research can be found at the ideal composition of research of how it can go or not go beyond the scope of research as the research findings could be at most useful in terms of instilling awareness to HR personnel and other involved parties that it is important to have right amount of productivity adhering to performance, research is significant in providing ample basis towards theory and conceptual sense of HR ways, productivity level as well as application and accepting HR practices research and development as reference tool. The proposed study will also attract the attention of the management of the private sector organization to reduce the rate of turnover of the contractual employees. The present study will also highlight the importance of good and satisfactory HRM practices in saving the time of management and the co-workers. The findings of the study will help the organization to improve the productivity and efficiency of employee and provide a speedy start up for the new employees, save the time, reduce start up cost, minimize the anxiety and reduce the turnover of contractual employee in a private sector organization. The study will also help the organization to optimize the abilities of the employees and assign the responsibilities accordingly. In this way the organization will be able to achieve its objectives in a better cost effective way by making a confident and strong workforce. The findings and recommendations will be proof more effective through out the organization. LITERATURE REVIEW HRM practices and productivity of employees Guest (2002) has argued that the Impact of HRM on performance depends upon workers response to HRM practices, so the impact will move in direction of the perception of HRM practices by the employee. Wood (1999) and Guest (2002) has stressed that a competent, committed and highly involved work force is the one required for best implementation of business strategy. Huselid (1995) have found that the effectiveness of employees will depend on impact of HRM on behavior of the employees. Patterson et al (1997) while discussing impact of people management practices on business performance has argued that HR practices in selection and training influence performance by providing appropriate skills. Their research has found that HR practices have powerful impact on performance even if measured as productivity. Huselid (1995) stressed that by adopting best practices in selection, inflow of best quality of skill set will be inducted adding value to skills inventory of the organization. He also stressed on importance of training as complement of selection practices through which the organizational culture and employee behavior can be aligned to produce positive results. Cooke (2000) has included efficiency and effectiveness as ingredients of performance apart from competitiveness and productivity. He or she further argued that training is the tool to develop knowledge and skills as means of increasing individuals performance (efficiency and effectiveness). Singh (2004), whose observations are more relevant in our cultural context, argues that compensation is a behavior aligning mechanism of employees with business strategy of the firm. Career planning is a tool that aligns strategy with future HR needs and encourages employee to strive for his personal development (William et al, 1996). By increasing employee participation, the firm will benefit from increase in productivity of the employee due to increased commitment of the employee. Financial participation schemes were more beneficial for the organizations than the associated cost (Summers Hyman, 2005). Use of best HR practices shows a stronger association with firms productivity in high growth industry (Datta et al, 2003). This finding has significance in our case as we have shown that the telecom sector of Pakistan is a high growth industry. Wright et al (2003) have argued that an employee will exert discretionary effort if proper performance management system is in place and is supported by compensation system linked with the performance management system. Job definition is combination of job description and job specification. It clearly outlines duties, responsibilities, working conditions and expected skills of an individual performing that job (Qureshi M Tahir, 2006). Ichniowski (1995) while observing productivity of steel workers have found that complementary HR practice System effects workers performance. Majority of previous research has verified significant relationship between HR practices and Employee Outcomes (Sels, 2006) Collins (2005) in a research of similar nature targeting small business have found that effective HR practices impact employee outcomes significantly (employee outcomes used by them were different than ours). A research was conducted by Mr. Tahir Masood Qureshi (2006) regarding Impact of HR p ractices on organizational performance in Pakistan. His findings were supportive of our assumption that HR practice system effect Organizational Performance through employee outcomes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Methodology The present research will be a survey type cross sectional quantitative research. The research methodology will be as follows: Research population In the given research study, the population will be all employees of Nestle Pakistan Limited. The number of female staff in the population will be very small but their efficiency of work is greatly affected. Research sample The sample will consist of both males and female, upper, middle and lower level staff from the target population. According to the designations of the respondents their qualifications, professional experience, age will vary. Sample size The sample will contain 100 respondents including both male and female. Type of research This research will be of quantitative type because the quantitative research is more result oriented than qualitative research. Sampling technique In order to select the sample from the target population i.e. Nestle Pakistan Limited Non-probability convenience (purposive) sampling technique will be used. Questionnaire A questionnaire will be designed to collect the necessary information. The questions type will be close ended. A cover letter highlighting the purpose of the study and instructions to fill in the questionnaire and a demographic data sheet will be prepared and attached with the questionnaire as well. DATA ANALYSIS AND REPRESENTATION Available research software and manual calculation will be uses while making analysis on the data collected for the proposed research study if needed. Statistical and arithmetical formulae will be applied as per demand and need of the study. Statistical tables and graphical representations will also be drawn. FINDNIGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Findings In order to achieve the basic purposes and objectives of the proposed research study, research findings based on data analysis will be discussed generally and specifically. Conclusion Conclusion will be constructed after analysis. Recommendations At the end finally Recommendations will be given for further improvements. Research Plan and Time Schedule Time is an important element of any research design, to measure the time span.

Fractional Growth Factors

Early Field Experience Lesson Plan Fractional Growth Factor CMP Math 8th Grade Ms. Tanisha Wilson Fifer Middle School Tanisha Wilson MTSC 403 Fall 2011 CONTEXTUAL FACTORS Student Characteristics There 28 students and they are in 8th grade CMP math class. There are some students in this are inclusion so there are two teachers in the classroom. There is a regular mathematics education teacher, and there is a special aid teacher. The students in this class have to take two mathematics classes each day, a CMT course and a prep course which will help them score high on their DCAS scores.They are from different nationality backgrounds and they understand English well. There is one student in the class who has a wheel chair and the desk is arranged for him to sit comfortably by the door. Overall the students in this class are well behaved and eager to learn mathematics. Grouping Patterns Student’s seats are arranged in groups of four. Students will work in groups of four and a class as a whole will whole. Prerequisite Knowledge Students should already be able to identify the growth factor in the problem with reasoning, the y- intercept, and what everything number in the equation represent.Students are also expected to know what exponential growth mean and are able to graph and factor with exponential growth with whole numbers. Instructional Materials Smart board, smart responders, paper, pencil LEARNING GOALS Mathematical Learning Goals Students will build on their knowledge of exponential growth. Students will think about exponential growth with the fractional (or decimal) growth factors and know when it is appropriate to round the number to the nearest decimal place and why. Students will know how to find the fractional exponential growth using the formula P= a (b)x. NCTM Content StandardsGrades 6-8 Algebra * Identify functions as linear or nonlinear and contrast their properties from tables, graphs, or equations. * Model and solve contextualized problems usi ng various representations such as graphs, tables and equations. Delaware Standards Math GLE Standard 2 Algebraic Reasoning * Compare the rates of change in tables and graphs and classify them as linear or nonlinear. * Use tables, graphs and symbolic reasoning to identify functions as linear or nonlinear. DIRECT Diversity- there will be different ways to solve the problems so students would be given many ways to practice and choose which method fits best.Interpersonal Communications- students will follow a method that the teacher in the class uses which is called Think, pair, share. Students would think about their answer, pair up with their group members to discuss what each other got, and then share their answer with the whole class. Reflection- students would reflect on what is going on in the class by exit cards at the end of the lesson. Students will also receive extra practice by doing a homework assignment. Effect teaching and assessment Strategies- students would be asked qu estions leading to them figuring out the formula.At the end of the lesson there would be exit cards to assess what the students have learned in today’s lesson. Content and Pedagogical Knowledge- this is like a review lesson. Students already have prerequisite knowledge on the same material. The only difference with this lesson is that the growth factors for the problems we will be working on today are fractional. Technology- students would use smart responders in the beginning of the lesson to determine if their answers were correct or not. We will also be using the smart board to see the problems needed in order to keep the lessons going. Mathematical Proficiency StrandsUnderstanding mathematics- student’s will be asked multiple questions based off of the problems they have done in previous lessons and the lessons we are doing today so I could know if the students are understanding the mathematics we are covering the in class. Applying concepts to solve problems- stud ents would be given two solve problems and asked how they came up with their answer with explanations of how they got the answer. Reasoning logically- students would be given a real life situation as a solve problem and the answer they come up with have to logically fit the situation given in the story.Engaging- students will be engaging with each other to discuss their thoughts of the solve problems by doing the think, pair, share. Assessment Plan In the previous investigation, we studied exponential growth of plants, mold, and a snake population. In the growth factor and the starting value, we could make predictions. The growth factors in these examples were whole numbers. In this investigation, we will study examples of exponential growth with fractional growth factors. Students will have an understanding on how to find the exponential growth of a Rabbit population with fractional growth factors.Examples will be shown that students understand the lesson by using the growth factor table, being able to determine what is the growth factor and when is it appropriate to round it up to if necessary and students will be able to connect the chart and table to a formula for the exponential growth rate. Pre- Assessment Students will be given a chart that looks like the previous charts we have went over. The difference with this chart is that the growth factor is not a whole number. Students will have to find the equation based off of the chart. They would put their answer into the smart responder.Once everyone’s answers are calculated into the smart responder, we will receive a percentage of how many students got the correct answer in the class. We will then discuss why that is the correct answer. Additional Assessment 1 Students would be given a problem on the smart board with a table which will represent the exponential growth of rabbits. Ask students the following questions†¦ 1. What is the growth factor? Explain how you found your answer. 2. Assume th is growth pattern continued. Write an equation for the rabbit population p for any year n after the rabbits are first counted. Explain what the numbers in your equation represent. 3.How many rabbits will there be after 10 years? How many will there be after 25 years? After 50 years? 4. In how many years will the rabbit population exceed one million? Do not give students the answers. Have students come up with the answers on their own, then they could discuss with a classmate, then the whole class would discuss the correct answer and why. While students are working in groups, the teacher would be walking around and looking at student’s notes to see their understanding. If you see that there is more than one approach to the answer, then call on the different students with the different approaches so there could be variety.Post Assessment The class would sum up what we did in today’s lesson by answering the exit cards with a question similar to the one we did in class. St udents must answer the question in details. The teacher will explain to the students that the main point of the lesson today is to recognize that the growth factor may not always be a whole number. By the end of this lesson, students should be able to solve a problem dealing with exponential growth with the growth factor not being a whole number. OPENING 5 Minutes8:00-8:15 Rationale Students will be shown a chart on the smart board and will be asked to find the growth factor and the equation for the table. Since the students are already familiar with exponential growth using whole numbers, I want student’s to see that not all exponential growth would have a whole number as the growth factor. The opening activity is a reflection on the same type of formula they have been working on, the only difference is that the growth factor would not be a whole number.Students would focus on the growth factor and being able to put it into an equation which will support the table. Students will be assessed by using the smart responders. The smart responders will allow the teacher to know the percentage of students who got the correct answer before beginning the lesson. | Materials Smart board, smart responder, pencil, and paper Activity Description When the students first walk into the classroom, they will be asked to grab a smart responder. (The smart responder allows the teacher to see the percentage of how many students got the correct answer).Based off of the results on the smart responder I will have a short discussion of what is the growth factor, the y-intercept, and why important to know those numbers in order to create a formula. The table is as followed†¦ X| 0| 1| 2| 3| Y| 30| 57| 108| 206| Differentiate Instruction One student from each group will get up to get the smart responders for their group and return them when we are done. Students will be able to do this because there is a student in the classroom with a disability; he is in a wheelchair so I do not want him to feel left out in any way.Therefore, each group will have to go through the same procedure. Another differentiate instruction we will do is go over the correct answer into details because there are some students in the class who are inclusion. I do not want to move too fast with the class as a whole so I will continue to review the material and monitor ALL students understanding of the lesson before moving on. What is the growth factor in this table? Possible Student Responses| Possible Teacher Follow-ups| 1. 9| Did everyone get that answer? | No. | What did you get as the growth factor? | At first I got1. then I divided the next two consecutive numbers which is 108/ 57 and I got 1. 894736834, so the growth factor is not the same with each number. | Did anyone else get that? | Yes| Well I’m happy you pointed that out. What is the difference between this table and the previous tables we have been doing these past few weeks? | The growth factor is not the same for every outcome is not the same exact number| What is different about the numbers though? | They are a decimal and not whole numbers. | Ok. Good point. Is 1. 894736 close to 1. 9? | Yes| When you divide 206 and 108, what is your outcome? 1. 907407| Is that close to 1. 9? | Yes| So what could you tell me about this growth factor now? | That the outcomes are very close to each other but they are not the exact same| So imaging if you wanted to round your growth factor to the nearest whole number, put the number 2 into your formula, what are your results? | 30*2= 6060*2= 120120*2= 240| Are your results accurate compared to what we need on our table? | No. | Why is that? | Because when you keep multiplying by 2 instead of 1. 9 the result grows bigger and bigger and it does not match what we need. What do you suggest we do if we wanted to put these numbers into an equation that will have the closest possible outcome? | Round it to 1. 9? | Why 1. 9? | Because what was the first exact ou tcome and when we divined the next consecutive numbers, they are close to 1. 9| Ok great job. So when this happens we will round up to the nearest outcome and in this case it is 1. 9| BODY #1 30 MinutesTime: 8:15- 8:45 Rationale The purpose of this activity is for students’ to have a visual with a story of rabbits reproducing and is able to form an equation with the table given to them.This activity will build on the students’ knowledge of exponential growth and at the same time introducing with fractional growth factors. It is important for students to understand that the growth factor will not always be a whole number and what they should do when they face this problem. This activity develops the learning goal of student’s being able to think about fractional growth factor and why should they round it to the nearest decimal place instead of the whole number. Materials Graphic Calculator, pencil, paper, smart board Activity DescriptionStudents will be sitting i n groups of four. During this activity, student’s will do a think, pair, share for every question asked to them before discussing it with the class as a whole. Think, pair, share is a way for students to actually THINK about their answer and why do they think that will be the correct answer; they should also be taking down notes at this point. PAIR is when they talk amongst their partners and share what they came up with and then compare answers. If anyone answer is different, then they will discuss why are their answers different.SHARE is when the whole class has a discussion about all of the possible answers and come to an agreement and understanding of the correct answer. Students will be assessed while doing think, pair, and share. The teacher would be walking around the class taking notes about the student’s understanding and mentioning anything that stands out or may be confusing about the lesson to the class. This will just be personal notes for the teacher to k now the student understands of the lesson. | The activity will begin with the â€Å"did you know† which will be shown on the smart board.Did you know? In 1859, a small number of rabbits were introduced to Australia by English settlers. The rabbits had no natural predators in Australia, so they reproduced rapidly and became a serious problem, eating grasses intended for sheep and cattle. In the mid-1990s, there were more than 300 million rabbits in Australia. The damage they caused cost Australian agriculture $600 million per year. There have been many attempts to curb Australia’s rabbit population. In 1995, a deadly rabbit disease was deliberately spread, reducing the rabbit population by about half.However, because rabbits are developing immunity to the disease, the effects of this measure may not last. Students will think about the â€Å"did you know† problem and then a table will be shown on the board based off of the problem. If biologists had counted the ra bbits in Australia in the years after they were introduced, they might have collected data like these: Growth of Rabbit Population Time (yr)| Population| 0| 100| 1| 180| 2| 325| 3| 583| 4| 1,050| Students would be asked the following questions followed by a mini class discussion for each question. 1. What is the growth factor?Explain how you found your answer. 2. Assume this growth pattern continued. Write an equation for the rabbit population p for any year n after the rabbits are first counted. Explain what the numbers in your equation represent. 3. How many rabbits will there be after 10 years? How many will there be after 25 years? After 50 years? 4. In how many years will the rabbit population exceed one million? Differentiate Instruction There are some students in this class who are inclusion which mean that they need extra help with understand the concept of the material.There is an inclusion math teacher in the classroom as well but her attention is strictly for those studen ts’. The activity has question and answers so that way everyone in the class could participate in lesson and contribute their understandings. Students will also have to think about the answer on their own at first before working in pairs which will be helpful for the teacher who is walking around to see the students understanding individually. The inclusion student’s will also receive peer help along with teacher sponsoring. What is the growth factor of rabbits reproducing represented by this table?Possible Student Responses| Possible Teacher Follow-ups| 1. 8| Why 1. 8? | Because divided the first two consecutive numbers which is 180/100= 1. 8 so every year the rabbits times itself to 1. 8| So did you get 1. 8 every time you divide the consecutive numbers? | No, when I divided 325 by 180 I got 1. 805555556, when I divided 583 by 325 I got 1. 793846, and when I divided 1,050 by 583, I got 1. 801029. They were all close to 1. 8 so I rounded it up like what we did for the warm up. | Great job, my only question is why did we round it up by 1. 8 and not 2? Because we are dealing with fractional growth factors even though these are decimals. | But what if you didn’t know you was dealing with fractional growth factors and you had to solve this problem, why wouldn’t you round your growth factor up to the nearest whole number? | Because if I rounded my growth factor up to the nearest whole number then the result for the growth amount for populations of rabbits of the next year would not be around the number given. | I don’t really understand what you mean; may you please demonstrate to the class using your calculator? |The student would demonstrate to the class using his/ her calculator Year 1100*2=200not close to 180 Year 2200*2=400not close to 325 Year 3400*2=800not close to 583 Year 4800*2=1600not close to 1050 So why do we round to the nearest appropriate decimal? Possible Student Responses| Possible Teacher Follow-ups| Because if we were to round it to the nearest whole number, then the growth factor will not be close to the next years population rate. | Correct. What is the equation used for this growth factor? | 100(1. 8x)| Why? | Growth factor is 1. 8 and we raise that by time which is x| Ok great job. |CLOSINGTime: 2 minutes Learning Goal(s) Students will build on their knowledge of exponential growth. Students will think about exponential growth with the fractional growth factors and know when it is appropriate to round the number to the nearest decimal place and why. Students will know how to find the fractional exponential growth using the formula P= a (b)x. Review Based off of what we learned today students will be able to draw connections from the previous lessons with exponential growth factors and now know how to find the exponential growth with the growth factor not being a whole number.Students are to state why they are rounding up the number to the nearest decimal (if needed). Students will ha ve to answer the Exit Cards before leaving the class. 1. Why isn’t the growth factor of exponential growth always a whole number? 2. If you were to round up your decimal or fraction to the nearest whole number and put it into the equation P= a(b)x, what will your outcome be and explain why. Students would be assessed on their understanding of today’s lesson and making sure that they meet the learning goals thinking mathematically. | Follow-up ActivitiesStudents will be assigned a homework assignment. 1. In parts of the United States, wolves are being reintroduced to wilderness areas where they had become extinct. Suppose 20 wolves are released in northern Michigan, and the yearly growth factor for this population is expected to be 1. 2. a. Make a table showing the projected number of wolves at the end of each of the first 6 years. b. Write an equation that models the growth of the wolf population. c. How long will it take for the new wolf population to exceed 100? 2. a . The table shows that the elk population in a state forest is growing exponentially.What is the growth factor? Explain. Growth of Elk Population Time (year)| Population| 0| 30| 1| 57| 2| 108| 3| 206| 4| 391| 5| 743| b. Suppose this growth pattern continues. How many elk will there be after 10 years? How many elk will there be after 15 years? c. Write an equation you could use to predict the elk population p for any year n after the elk were first counted. d. In how many years will the population exceed one million? Homework will be checked during the next class meet. ATTACHMENTS â€Å"Growing Growing Growing† book pages 33-36